An Interpretation of the Money Tree Essays

An Interpretation of the Money Tree Essays An Interpretation of the Money Tree Paper An Interpretation of the Money Tree Paper Visually, the money tree was unique and distinct, compared to other Han Dynasty art pieces clay models of mythical and real animals, lead-glazed earthenware canteens, reamer vessels, tile and brick decorations found in tombs, and various models of houses, stoves, mills, and farmyards. Its elaborate detail and delicacy was unlike not only the Han pieces in Gallery 15, but any art I had seen in Chinese history. However, the money tree was not love at first sight. As I researched and learned more about the tree, I became increasingly drawn to the piece. The money tree represents the synergy of Taoism and Buddhism during the Eastern Han Dynasty- a guide to heaven, and the hope for good fortune In the afterlife. Money trees were placed In tombs found mostly In the Chuan province of China during the Eastern Han Dynasty (25-220 AD). The money tree Is made of bronze and can be delved Into two sections: the base and the branches of the tree. The ceramic and bronze base is covered with an amber lead glaze and contains three levels, which portray lively scenes rarely found in Chinese art, such as hunting (Rigger 11 . 10. 05). Whole surviving money trees are rare, since the solid base of the tree endure longer than its delicate branches. The branches of the tree are thin, wintertime bronze pieces that are divided by six levels. Each level has four branches facing opposite directions that are divided by ninety degrees. The branches thrive with magical creatures (such as winged immortals called Asian), disk shapes, birds, and coins that literally hang from the bottom of the branches (museum description). Each coin Is similar to those used during the Han Dynasty (a square cut out off circle) and Is Interconnected, forming what looks Like a chain. At the top of the tree the Queen Mother of the West (Aqualung), an Important Taoist deity, Is dated on her throne supported by a dragon and tiger. Between the topmost branch and the Queen Mother of the West is a small figure of a seated Buddha surrounded by coins. The Han Dynasty lasted from 206 BCC to 220 AD and followed the short-lived Sin Dynasty from 221 to 206 BCC. China flourished domestically during the Han dynasty and expanded geographically, politically, and culturally to neighboring lands. Han art made frequent references to spirits, portents, myths, the strange and powerful, the death-defying and the dazzling (Byre 71). Art pieces like the money tree show the attempt of Han emperors to contact the Immortal world of gods and the Importance of the fate of the dead (Byre 71). This desire for life after death and Immortality during the Han Dynasty Is portrayed through the Taoist deity the Queen Mother of the West. Her paradise Is filled with deathless trees, lucky charms, and auspicious animals such as the dancing toad, the three-foot crow, the nine-tailed fox, the hare Tanat produces ten laxer AT Immortality, Ana magical Dallas, wanly are placate In ten upper edge of the branches (Byre 71, Bagley 54). People of all social classes reshipped her and believed in her power to provide immortality. The History of the Han from 3 BCC explains, People were running about in a state of alarm, holding stalks of hemp that they passed from one to another, saying they were delivering the wand the edict of the Queen Mother of the West They also passed around texts reading The Mother tells the people that those who wear this talisman will not die (Byre 73). Taoism emphasizes themes similar to those of the Queen Mother of the West, such as immortality, longevity, and wealth. Towards the end of the Han Dynasty, otherwise known as the Eastern Han, specialists of immorality, called famishing and their beneficiaries Asian (Rigger 11 . 7. 05). Other Taoist features are also apparent on the decorations on the base of the money tree, figures with elongated heads called the Taoist Immortals (Chipper 6). The Immortals refer to the cult of immortals or transcendent (in Chinese, Asian) in which believers practiced the arts of physical cultivation to make themselves into spiritual beings (Rigger 1 1 . 14. 05). Another important figure present in the money tree is a seated Buddha placed low the Queen Mother of the West. Mahayana Buddhism originated in India where Shamanic, the historical Buddha lived, and spread to China through the Silk Road (Byre 95). The hierarchical position of the Buddha on the money tree, below the Queen Mother of the West, but above the Queens attendants and earth, portrays the emergence of Buddhism, specifically Mahayana Buddhism, at a time when Taoism was considered the dominant religion. In fact, many Chinese first viewed Buddhism as a variation of Taoism, since early translators used Taoist terms to express Buddhist ideas. For example, the Mahayana concept of the fundamental emptiness of phenomena was identified with the Taoist notion of non-being (Byre 96). Therefore the synergy of Buddhism and Taoism is represented by important religious figures, the seated Buddha and Gaming. Not only does the money tree symbolize a religious orgy, but also a guide to heaven from earth for the dead. The base of the tree represents the divine mountainous realm of the Queen Mother of the West, called Mount Kuhn. Geographically, Mount Kuhn is associated with the West, specifically in Chuan Bagley 318). Meanwhile, the peak of the tree represents Coxswains paradise or heaven. Therefore the stem of the money tree represents a world-axis that links heaven and earth. The Buddha, positioned Just below the Queen Mother of the West, symbolizes a guide to the Queens paradise. Money trees were placed in tombs, so that the deceased within would enter the Queens paradise directly and easily in the afterlife. Once the deceased reaches the afterlife by following the path laid out through the money tree, the Chinese hoped that happiness and prosperity, attributes f the Queen Mother of the West, will continue in the afterlife. In addition to the money tree representing the union between earth and heaven, it also represents the hope for the entombed to have good fortune in the afterlife. During the Han Dynasty, the money tree was called a shush or coin pillar, hence the interlaced coins on the lower edge of the branches (Bagley 54). The thin plates of filigree openwork of the branches suggests that the coins on the money tree were cast in flat two-piece molds similar to the technique once used to cast Han coins. During ten Han Dynasty, cools were producer a cozen at a time In a moll winner each coin was Joined to each other by the pouring channels (Bagley 274). The interconnected chain of coins on the branches of the money tree symbolizes eternal and continuous wealth. Furthermore, as the entombed ascended from earth to heaven by following the path laid out on the money tree, the entombed would collect the coins on their way to heaven. Therefore, the path to the paradise of the Queen Mother of the West is filled with riches. Through the study of the money tree we can conclude that it symbolically presents a map that directs the entombed to heaven. The Buddha acts as a guide to lead the deceased to the Queen Mother of the West, while the abundance of coins shows that the path to her paradise is littered with wealth. Furthermore, the appearance of both the Queen Mother of the West and the seated Buddha shows the intermingling of Taoism and Buddhism. As these interpretations of the money tree unfolded in my mind, I became increasingly passionate about the money tree.

Exploratory Writing Addressing Writing Anxiety Essay Example

Exploratory Writing Addressing Writing Anxiety Essay Example Exploratory Writing Addressing Writing Anxiety Paper Exploratory Writing Addressing Writing Anxiety Paper Writing for some can be as easy as riding a bike, and for others, writing can cause great stress and anxiety. For me, it is challenging to address the anxieties I experience when tasked with writing. One aspect of writing that is challenging is the getting started. There’s an old saying, â€Å"the first steps is usually the hardest.†In my writing, I am discovering that becoming clear and focused on the task at hand is challenging. Formatting my ideas and structuring them on paper is quite unpleasant. My writing anxieties make my heart rush, my palms sweaty, and my head feels like it’s about to explode with all the thoughts going through my mind. I am discovering that with patience and practice, one does not have to feel this way when it comes to writing. It’s challenging for me to focus on who my audience is, and writing for them. Not understanding this important aspect of writing as caused me anxiety because as a result my messages have been misconstrued by others, and as a result, my writing suffers, and I find it a challenge is be clear in my intent. Throughout this course, I have learned various exploratory writing techniques that have been helpful tools that I use in order to become a more organized, clear, and less stressed out writer. One technique that I use is a double-entry journal. I use this technique to help format my ideas in a more clear, and concise way, this way I am able to provide evidence to support my belief. I did this by writing in one column the anxiety I was feeling about this assignment. Iasked why I felt that way? What has happened that makes me feel this way? As I discover my writing sound, I take more time and am more slow in my thoughts, and less judgemental, I allow my thoughts to come out more naturally. I take notes on my ideas as I pursue a deeper understanding of a topic, this helps me to have a clear direction to build on. I notice that the high level of anxiety I would suffer is not as cha

Employee Involvement. Do employee involvement programs improve Essay

Employee Involvement. Do employee involvement programs improve organizational performance Discuss with reference to a minimum of four empirical studies - Essay Example Employee engagement provides them with opportunities to face off with challenging work tasks that require critical thinking to solve, thereby encouraging creativity in the workforce, which eventually becomes a great source of competitive advantage for the organization (Suhasini & Babu 2013, p.146). In that respect, a highly engaged workforce is able to acquire and develop exceptional talents, skills and experience in organizational tasks, thereby becoming extremely effective and reliable in accomplishing tasks while promoting the overall performance of the firm accordingly. The highly diversified talents possessed by an organization’s workforce are its greatest resource because they are its source of competitive advantage and without which the firm cannot function in the face of the highly complex and dynamic global business environment. The complex challenges facing organizations today require massive talent and skills, which can only be developed through creative thinking an d engagement at the workplace, but that cannot happen until the workforce is highly engaged in the intricate workplace environment. Effective talent management at the workplace through quality human resource management practices is a vital precursor to high organizational performance because it eventually inspires confidence and loyalty in the workforce, thereby earning their unending commitment to the firm (Abdulkadir, Isiaka, & Adedoyin, 2012 p.124). Precisely, employee engagement at the workplace makes them feel not only appreciated, but also acknowledged; thus, employee engagement raises their levels of self-esteem, as well as self-worth, and their motivation in organizational tasks inevitably rises eventually leading to high organizational performance eventually. A highly motivated workforce is every organization’s key strategic resource for winning competition and

Education common core standards debate Assignment - 2

Education common core standards debate - Assignment Example Assuming the role of a high school principal, I would like to address some concerns with the execution of the Common Core State Standards (CCSS).This initiative was formed with very good intentions aimed at helping the learners’ right from the high school stage all through post-high school level. The main goal of this initiative was to come up with high standards that are consistent across states. The stakeholders in the formation of this initiative were a board of state governors, a private consulting firm and the council of school officers. The goals of the initiative were all beneficial, but the main issue is with the implementation. The initiative, if well implemented will assist many scholars. This is because it pays special emphasis on the students with special needs. According to Haager and Vaughn (2013), the adoption of this initiative will erase some of the differences between general education and special education. It will solve the problem of students with special needs having to travel from one state to another which has been disrupting the learning of such students (p. 6). Considering that it will be implemented in all the states, the problem will be of the past. The United States department of education was not directly involved in the formation of the initiative, but it has been trying to compel the states to adopt and implement the initiative. This has led to some states opting not to implement the standards, either due to lack of sufficient funds to run the standards or due to political reasons. Special educators will also take time to undergo an intensive training on the interpretation of the CCSS, which may further drag the implementation of the program. There also lacked enough time to try and implement the program and also to determine the ability of the schools to shift to this program. There has not been due

Inequalities and Incentives in the Nigerian Education System Literature review

Inequalities and Incentives in the Nigerian Education System - Literature review Example From the report it is clear that education promotes equality of opportunity, citizenship, social inclusion and economic development. For this reasons, education equality should be encouraged. Several variables are attributed to the outcomes of unequal educational. Such variables include origin of the family, gender, social class, and earnings, achievements made in life, health status and political participation. An education incentive refers to a program or formal scheme used to promote and encourage teachers and students to produce better results and the best out of education. An incentive program aims at giving or producing better and the best results out of something. Implementation of good education incentive program improves the learning performance and tries to eradicate education inequalities.This research declares that  in third world countries, research methodology is based on the differentiation of initial idea to get to a strong hypothesis and this technique is being use d from decades, although, research in such countries exclusively lack empirical analysis of the basic idea due to lack of practical resources.  Research methodology being followed in developing and developed nations have independent research protocols which mainly include educational infrastructure of a country, employee-employer relationship based on educational standards and least differentiated class structures.

Facial Recognition Technology for Identification

Facial Recognition Technology for Identification Abstract Facial recognition is a crucial factor of everyday identification processes: human beings recognize and evaluate each other by means of the face. Whenever driving licences, identity and membership cards are checked or wherever access is controlled by security staff, the identity is verified by looking into somebodys face. Thus, unlike other biometric features, e.g. the fingerprint or iris recognition, facial recognition is a transparent procedure well-known to human beings. However, especially in the context of the international fight against terrorism it has become obvious that the traditional way of identifying individuals is insufficient. There are certain limits to the natural recognition process carried out by human beings: The recognition performance is not only impaired by difficulties with the recognition of people from other ethnic origin or deceptions due to a different hair-do or beards, but also by subjective impression based on a persons outward. The requirement of successful personal identification in access control and in other cases leads to using the results of biometrics. Biometrics Face recognition is a passive, non-invasive method for verifying the identity of a person, Offers the benefits of its unique facial technology in the form of customized overall solutions for the areas of access control, border control, ID-Management, search for criminals and video surveillance Face recognition has come to be an active research area with numerous applications in recent years. In this thesis, a variety of approaches for face recognition are reviewed first. These approaches are classified according to basic tasks i-e Face Detect, face Normalization, and Face recognition. Then, an implementation of the face recognition method, the Eigenface recognition approach is presented in detail as well as other face recognitions methods i-e Local Feature Analysis, Neural Networks and Automatic face processing are discussed in general. Introduction Ever since the birth of first mankind, human beings have continually been seeking for personal possessions. From the very basics of food and clothes, to cars, houses, and the more recent substantial property of data and information, it is becoming increasingly important that such valuable assets be sheltered by means of security control. Throughout history, the types of technologies used on the access control systems are countless. From the traditional systems such as security guards checking personal IDs to the very fundamentals of keypads and locks and password or entry code, the focus now has moved to the more advance technologies, particularly in todays multifaceted society. Organisations are continuously seeking for a more secure, suitable and economical way of property protection. The problem associated with traditional mechanisms is that the possessions could be lost, stolen, forgotten, or misplaced. Furthermore, once in control of the identifying possession, any other unauthorised person could abuse the privileges of the authorised user. Therefore there is a need of another approach to properly differentiate the correct (right) person from an impostor by positive identification of the person seeking access. Biometrics is one rising development in the field of access control system that provides true identification. Although the word biometrics sound very new and high tech, it is in fact the oldest form of identification known to man. Since the dawn of man, a persons face and voice was used to identify him/her. Before the digital age, a hand written signature was the only method used by a person to assert a unique form of identification that was difficult to copy. Popular biometric systems in use today include fingerprint recognition, iris recognition, voice recognition, and facial recognition systems. These systems are in practice in different organizations like banks, airports, social services offices, blood banks and other highly sensitive organizations. Biometric system offers the most accurate authentication solution and convenience. Biometrics systems can be integrated into any application that requires security, access control, and identification or verification of people. With biometric security, we can dispense with the key, the password, the PIN code; the access-enabler is human beings not something he/she know, or something in his/her possession. Chapter 02 This part of the dissertation provides the general overview of biometrics. Definitions such as Automatic, Physiological and Behavioural characteristics are also discussed as well as different types of biometric systems i.e. one-to-one and one-to-many. General Biometrics Base systems model, how it works and Multimodal Biometrics systems are also discussed in detail. In the last section of this chapter, a comprehensive overview of the right approach in selection of different technologies for an origination in terms of business objective, user acceptance, FFR, FAR, organisational environments, cost and a comparison of all biometrics are also presented. Chapter 03 Different types of biometric technologies are described in this chapter i.e. finger prints, iris and retina, voice, biometric signature and how these technologies work and the main features of these technologies with the help of diagrams. Chapter 04 This chapter is one of the most important chapters which explain the general back ground of face recognition technology and how face recognition works. It gives a brief discussion of how verification and identification is achieved with the help of face recognition system. Actual techniques involved during face verification and identification i.e. faces detection, face normalisation and face recognition are also discussed in detail. Steps involved during the face detection i.e. coarse detection phase and refined search phase are discussed as well as how Normalisation is achieved through different steps i.e. lighting normalisation, scaling normalisation, rotation normalisation and background subtraction. Face recognition and methods of face recognition i.e. Eigenfaces, feature analysis, neural network and automatic face processing are discussed in this presentation. Chapter 05 In this chapter of my dissertation, a proposed model of face recognition system for attendance of university students is discussed. The specification of the system is also compiled after the extensive study of face recognition products of different Vendors. Chapter 06 This final chapter of my dissertation contains the conclusion, future work and issues involved with face recognition system. A review of the biometrics technology Biometrics: An overview In todays networked and digital world the role of system security has a vital importance. In originations a large number of professional people are involved in one form of electronic transaction or another. Securing a companys digital assets and identities is a necessity for financial success. Ignoring IT security increases the risk of losses for any company moving through this electronic world. Logging on to a system by entering user ID and password is very simple but its simplicity makes serious security problems. There are, however, people who use easy guess passwords or leave written passwords near to their computer. In this situation there is no way to confirm that the person is logged on the system using his/her ID and password or some one else, nothing can prevent someone else from accessing sensitive material. Its like a passport system that doesnt require a photograph. In addition, time consuming tasks behind the management of user ID and passwords divert already insufficient resources from other important responsibilities. Establishing an accurate identity is the main focus of the information systems security in recent years and great efforts are made in this field. Two types of identification systems are in use now today. In one type identification system flawed identity checking results in unnecessary duplication, fraud and client disruption, resulting costs and risks. While in other type of identification system an accurate identification procedure and effectiveness may be undermined by unpopularity resulting falsification and evasion. Chapter2 Three conventional forms of identification are in use. Origination ID or smart cards. The use of passwords or Personal Identification Numbers, mother name, place of birth, home address etc. The third form of identification is to identify something unique about a person, such as fingerprints, voice recognition, hand geometry, face structure, iris and retina. This third form of identification is known as Biometrics. Biometrics is a branch of science in which we study, what makes us biologically unique. It is also referred to the science and application of statistical analysis of biological characteristics (Physiological/ Behavioural). In security terms, Biometrics refers to technologies that analyse human characteristics for security purposes. Therefore Biometrics technologies are concerned with the physical parts of the human or personal trait of human being. There are different definitions of security base biometrics that have been circulating for a numbers of years. According to Ashbourn, an expert in Biometrics, Biometrics is a measurable physiological and / or behavioural trait that can be captured and subsequently compared with another instance at the time of verification). [1] The Biometrics Consortium states Biometrics is automated methods of recognizing a person based on a physiological or behavioural characteristic. [2] The international Biometrics Group defines biometrics as the automated use of physiological or behavioural characteristics to determine or verify identity [3] Physiological characteristics are fingerprint, Hand geometry, iris pattern ,retinal, ear shape and facial scans etc Behavioural characteristics are voice pattern, key strokes, signature etc. As mentioned, biometric technologies are anxious with the physical parts of the human or personal mannerism of human beings. The word automatics basically means that biometrics technology must recognise to identify /verify human characteristics rapidly and automatically, in real time. Unique physiological characteristics or behavioural mannerisms are examined in biometrics verification for an individuals identity. Physiological characteristics are essentially unchangeable such as hand geometry, iris pattern , palm prints, face structure and vane shape etc .while behavioural characteristic such as ones signature, voice or keystroke dynamics are changeable and these behavioural characteristics can change over time. They are both controllable and less controllable actions. The initial sample of the biometrics template, which is stored in the data base during the Enrolment, must be updated each time it is used. Although behaviour characteristics based biometrics is less costly and less intimidating to users, physiological characteristics have a tendency to offer greater accuracy and security. In any case, both techniques grant an extensively higher level of identification and verification as compare to smart cards or passwords technologies. A password or personal identification number (PIN) is not unique for an individual ,it can be stolen ,forgotten or lost, while a biometric characteristic is unique to each individual; it can be used to prevent fraud or theft. It cannot be lost, stolen or forgotten. There already many places such as research laboratories, defence (military) installations, VIP offices, day care centres and cash points where access is guarded by biometrics base authentication system. The following biometric identifiers currently obtainable or under development are fingerprints, body aroma, ear shape, face recognition, keystroke dynamics, palm print, retinal scan, iris pattern, signature, DNA, vein check and voice pattern. Biometrics-based Systems A biometric based system is a system that in some way uses physical characteristics or personal traits of a human being. These systems are not only, mainly used for security, but also use for encryption. Encryption The processes of translating a message (plaintext), with the help of software, into a programmed message/encoded text (Cipher text), called Encryption. This is usually accomplished using a secret key and a cryptographic code. [4] Type of Biometrics-based Systems There are two types of Biometrics-based systems. One-to-one systems (Verification system) One-to-many systems (Identification System) One-to-one system (verification) This type of biometric system works on the base of one to one matching and authentication principles where the system asks and attempts to answer the question Am I who I claim to be? At first a biometric sample of a person is provided to the system and then the system matches this sample to the previously stored template during the enrolment mode for that person. The system then decides whether that is the person who claims the identity. After a successful matching of the fresh sample with the stored template, the system authenticates the person. These types of systems are also referred to as verification systems. The verification system is a fast response system because it minimises the use of resources and time by providing biometrics sample/ information to the system which specifies the stored template in the data base for that person. [5] One-to-many system (identification) This type of biometrics system works on the base of one to many recognition principles. The system attempts to answer the question, Who am I? The basic purpose of this system to identify a persons identity by performing matches against all biometrics templates stored in a data base or a data library. A person does not claim his/her identity to the system; instead the person just gives the system some biometric data. The system then performs to match this data to all templates previously stored in the database and decides whether a match can be made. It is not necessary that the system responds with the persons name, it could be the persons ID or other unique identity. These types of systems are referred to as identification systems [6]. Identification systems have a slow response as compared to verification systems. This is because they require much more powerful resources due to the fact that more comparisons are required by identification systems. The biometrics identification system also prevents a person from registering twice on the system and ensures that a person is not already present in a data base. This type of system can be used in a large scale public benefits organisation, such as being used at banks where a person would try opening a second account on another name. This system can also be used with immigration where a person could try to enter the country on false documents. General Biometrics Base Authentication System Model A general biometrics base authentication system model consists of three major components, hardware, software and interface. Hardware is used to capture the biometrics information and software is used to maintain and manage it while an interface with application system that will use the result to confirm an individuals identity. The system operates in two different modes: Enrolment mode Authentication mode Enrolment mode: In this mode a users biometrics data is provided to a system, which stores this users biometric sample in a database or data library as a template. Hardware such as a biometrics readers/ scanners, cameras are used to capture biometrics sample. This stored template is then labelled with a user identity e.g. name, identification number etc. The way biometrics operate Some biometric base authentication systems may need a number of biometrics samples in order to build a profile of the biometric characteristics. These exclusive characteristics are then extracted and changed in to mathematical code by the system. Which is then stored in to the biometric system as a biometric template for the person who enrolled? The template is store in the memory storage of the system, or in computer database, smart card or barcode. A threshold is set in to the biometrics base authentication system according to the level of security [7], (a high threshold is set for high level of security) To secure the template to the person, a trigger or other mean of securing such as personal identification number, or a smart card that store the template which read by a card reader during the authentication mode, are use in biometrics. In some biometrics system when ever a person interacts with the system a new biometrics sample is provide to the system which is compared to the template. If this new sample and stored template is match (the score of new match if exceed from the set threshold then access is granted to that person). As both physical and behavioural characteristics are inconsistent with time, this change may be due to the age of the person, general health condition, working and environmental conditions and time pressures etc. the biometric base authentication system must allow for these delicate changes, in this case before a match is recorded a threshold *1 is set. This can take the form of an accuracy score *2. The comparison between the template and new sample must exceed this set threshold. If it not exceeds the system will not record the match and will not identify the person. This use of a threshold gives biometric technologies a significant advantage over passwords, PINs and ID badges. The use of a threshold affords a tremendous degree of flexibility and if the comparison between the new biometric sample and the template exceeds the stated threshold, identity will be confirmed. Threshold:-a predefine number, often controlled by system administer, which establish the degree of correlation necessary for a comparison to be deemed a match. Score: A number indicating the degree of similarity or correlation of a biometrics match Capture, extraction, comparison and match/non match are the four stages use by all biometric authentication systems. Capture A physical or behavioural sample is captured by the system during enrolment. Extraction unique data is extracted from the sample and a template is created. Comparison the template is then compared with a new sample. Multimodal Biometric System In some environments a signal biometrics identifier base system such as finger scan, face scan or iris scan etc often not able to meet the desired performance requirement of the organization. Different biometrics base identification system such as face recognition, finger print verification and vice verification, is integrated and worked as a single biometrics base identification system. Multimodal biometrics base identification system is use to over come the limitation of the single identifier biometrics base identification system. Initial experimental results reveal that the identity established by such an integrated system is more reliable than the identity established by a signal biometrics identifier base system. [8] Selecting the Right Approach In Different Environment Different biometrics base authentication systems are used. To choose the right approach to biometrics authentication it is necessary to understand the requirement of the organisation, the application of the biometrics system, and characteristics of the biometrics devices itself. Following factors are also important to choose a biometrics base authentication system, which most devices cant store raw fingerprints and that fingerprints cant be reconstructed based on the data stored within these systems. Intrusiveness is another factor affecting user acceptance of some devices, particularly iris and retinal scanning systems. [9] Business objective of the organisation The most important aspect to consider when selecting a biometrics base authentication system is the organisation business objectives. The choice biometrics system must meet or exceed organisational business objectives as well as sustain organisation in the coming years. Business objective is the bottom line where organisation starts and end. User acceptances Some biometrics, such as fingerprints, may be apparent as an assault of personal privacy. The system must not associate with other govt agencies biometrics (finger print) recognition system that most devices cant store raw fingerprints and that fingerprints cant be reconstructed based on the data stored within these systems. General intrusiveness can be another factor affecting user acceptance of some devices, particularly iris and retinal scanning systems. Following are the errors of biometrics base authentication system. False acceptance rate (FAR) False acceptance rate (FAR) is a system error. It is the rate at which an interloper can be recognized as a valid user. In one -to-one match during user verification, false acceptance is based on fake attempts, not on the total number of attempts by valid users. If FAR is 1%, it means one out of 100 users trying to break into the system will be successful [10]. FARs become more critical when you attempt to identify users based on biometrics, instead of simply trying to verify a person with a one-to-one or one-to-few operation False reject rate (FRR) False reject rate (FRR) is another type of error of biometrics system. It is the rate at which a valid user is rejected from the system. Consider a finger print recognition system; unfortunately, the conditions under which the original sample was collected can never be exactly duplicated when the user submits subsequence biometrics information to be compared. False reject rate may occur due to following variations. Rotation and Translation because of different positioning of the finger on the finger print device. Downward pressure on the surface of the input device which changes the scale of input device. Non-permanent or semi-permanent distortions like skin disease, scars, sweat, etc To over come FRR it is essential that all biometrics base authentication systems have a threshold value in order to allow for minor differences. With out threshold value FRR occurs and valid users will be probably rejected by system. If the threshold value is too high FAR occur [9]. It is there for necessary to find a proper threshold value. Organisational environments As stated it is important to consider the organisational environment when selecting biometrics base authentication system. Users with wet, dirty or dry hand have experienced problems with finger and palm recognition system. People using gloves generally cant use these systems. Face recognition system cant be easily be used in medical environments where hood and masks are used by users. Cost The direct cost of the system (hardware and software) is the initial considerations. Due to the improvement of features and functionality the over all cost of biometrics system reduces. It not only reduces fraud and eliminating problems associated with stolen or forgotten passwords but also reduces the help desk role. Summary The subject of this chapter is biometrics, which is defined as a method of verifying an individuals identity based on measurement of the individuals physical feature(s) or repeatable action(s) where those features and/or actions are both unique to that individual and measurable. A biometrics system which consists of enrolment mode and authentication mode, unique physiological characteristics or behavioural mannerisms are examined in biometrics verification for an individuals identity. All biometric systems essentially operate in a similar way in a four-stage process that is automated and computerized which are Capture, Extraction, Comparison and Match/non-match. Biometrics system one-to-one is based on one to one matching and authentication principles and is mainly used for verification purposes, while biometrics system one to many works on the principles of one-to-many recognition and is used for identification. Multimodal biometrics base identification system is used to over come the limitation of the signal identifier biometrics base identification system in which different biometrics base identification system such as face recognition, finger print verification and vice verification, is integrated and worked as a single biometrics base identification system. Methodologies of Biometrics Authentication An overview As stated, different biometric systems are use in different organisations according to their requirements. The most common biometrics system in use today includes fingerprint recognition, iris recognition, and voice recognition and face recognition systems. There are also other biometric systems available like retina recognition, vein pattern recognition, signature and DNA matching systems. These systems are not as widely used yet for various reasons. These biometrics systems can be integrated into any application that requires security, access control and identification or verification of people. With biometric security we can dispense with the key, the password and the PIN code; the access-enabler is a person, not something person know or something in his /her possession. Biometrics systems secured resources are based on who a person is. Biometrics systems also minimise the risk that is associated with less advanced technologies while at the same time offering a higher level of security and convenience. Fingerprint Recognition System Fingerprints are one of the human physiological characteristics that do not change throughout someones life. Even identical twins have different fingerprint patterns. The chance of identical twins to have the same fingerprint is less than one in a billion. Fingerprint recognition is generally considered the most practical system for its reliability, non-intrusive interfaces, and cost-effectiveness. In recent years, fingerprints have rallied significant support as the biometric technology that will probably be most widely used in the future. In addition to general security and access control applications, fingerprint verifiers are installed at different organisations such as, defence/military organisations health care, banking and finance, application services providers, immigration, law enforcement etc. The fingerprints strength is its acceptance, convenience and reliability. It takes little time and effort for somebody using a fingerprint identification device to have his or her fingerprint scanned. Studies have also found that using fingerprints as an identification source is the least intrusive of all biometric techniques. [15] Verification of fingerprints is also fast and reliable. Users experience fewer errors in matching when they use fingerprints versus many other biometric methods. In addition, a fingerprint identification device can require very little space on a desktop or in a machine. Several companies have produced capture units smaller than a deck of cards. One of the biggest fears of fingerprint technology is the theft of fingerprints. Skeptics point out that latent or residual prints left on the glass of a fingerprint scanner may be copied. However, a good fingerprint identification device only detects live fingers and will not acknowledge fingerprint copies. [12] Main Feature of Finger print verification system Analysis of minutia points i.e. finger image ridge (verification) endings, bifurcations or branches made by ridges. One of the most commercially successful biometric technologies. Important for applications where it is necessary to verify the identity of those who gain access. How fingerprint recognition system works In biometrics systems fingerprint recognition system is the fastest verification /identification (One-to-One / One-to-Many) system as shown in figure 3, 4, 5. Like other biometrics recognition systems it performs fingerprint recognition with the help of specialised hardware. This specialised hardware is supported by the conventional computer hardware and special software. All biometrics systems operate in two modes, enrolment mode and authentication mode (as discussed in the previous chapter). A sample of the fingerprint of a live person is provided to the system which is then converted into mathematical code (Template) and stored for the enrolee into the database. In the first step of the authentication process, a fingerprint impression is provided to the system. The system takes a digital image (input image figure 3:1:1 below) using different techniques including scanner, optical, and ultrasound or semiconductor chip technologies. The digital image of the fingerprint includes several unique features in terms of ridge bifurcations and ridge endings, collectively referred to as minutiae. [22] In the next step the system uses an automatic feature extraction algorithm to locate these features in the fingerprint image, as shown in Figure 3:1:2. Each of these features is commonly represented by its location (x, y, and z) and the ridge direction at that location; however the feature extraction stage may miss some minutiae and may generate spurious minutiae due to sensor noise and other variability in the imaging process. The elasticity of the human skin also affects the feature extraction process. [33] In the final stage, a final decision of match and non match is made on the bases of similarity between the two sets of features after compensating for the rotation, conversion and dimension. This similarity is often expressed as a score. A decision threshold is first selected. If the score is below the threshold, the fingerprints are determined not to match; if the score is above the threshold, a correct match is declared an authentication is granted to the person. Iris and Retina Recognition System Biometrics which analyse the intricate and unique characteristics of the eye can be divided into two different fields, Iris and Retina. Iris and retinal scans both deal with the human eye. They are done in an extremely different way as compared to other biometrics technology. Iris Recogniton System Iris recognition biometrics base authentication systems have unique characteristics and features of the human iris used to verify the identity of an individual. The iris is the area of the eye where the pigmented or colour circle, usually brown or blue, rings the dark pupil of the eye. It consists of over 400 unique distinguishing characteristics that can be quantified and used for an individual identity. However, only about 260 of those characteristics are captured in a live iris identification process [25]. Iris are composed before birth and, except in the event of an injury to the eyeball, remain unchanged throughout an individuals lifetime. Eyeglasses and contact lenses present no problems to the quality of the image and the iris recognition /scan systems test for a live eye by checking for the normal continuous fluctuation in the pupil size. As Iris patterns are extremely complex and unique they carry an astonishing amount of information. The fact that an individuals right and l eft eye are different and that patterns are easy to capture, it establishes iris recognition

Trafficking Essay -- Legal Issues, Human Trafficking

Human trafficking has become a major problem worldwide which affects many people. An estimated 600-800 thousand people are moved unwillingly between international borders each year (Kristof, et al, pg. 10). There is an even larger number of 12.3 million people who are estimated to be forced to work in agriculture, manufacturing, and the sex trade (Shepherd, pg. 94). A majority of the people forced into labor, especially into the sex trade, are children, most of which are women, at an estimated 1 million children per year (Kristof, pg. 9). There is a large amount of violence and abuse involved in sex slavery, many times leading to death. Globalization seems to have played a major role in the rise of sex slavery and the sex trade but has also played major roles in efforts to stop it. There has been speculation that the way that human trafficking has been constructed over time is a major problem in the scheme of trafficking. Barbara Sullivan writes that as the debate over trafficking evolved â€Å"women were seen to have a 'vulnerable sexuality' that was readily exploited by men; trafficking always involved prostitution and women's consent was irrelevant† (Shepherd, pg. 91). She argues that this shaping of the issue has also â€Å"erased the possibility of women being active agents in their own lives, for example by migrating to undertake lucrative paid work in the sex trade.† She continues in her writing to attribute these same problems to the way that anti-trafficking agencies present the issue as well. This viewpoint and argument is irrelevant to the issue and the construction of trafficking has much less of an effect on women's rights than the problem itself. Prostitution in itself, even if willing, involves a person sell... ...any have a hard time once released (Kristof, pg. 35-45). If girls in regions like Cambodia become educated they are more likely to be employed and are more likely to eventually be able to escape the lower status of being a poor woman. Since poor people have fewer chances at income and education in poor countries and are less likely to fight back against oppressive conditions, they are preyed upon by human traffickers (Shepherd, pg. 95). Since both of these things are true of women as well they have a double strike against them and are even more likely to be preyed upon. Even though globalization played a major role in the increase of human trafficking by making it easier for people to move from one place to another it also has played a role in allowing people who are more well off to assist those who do not have the resources or the freedoms to help themselves.

King Creon from Antigone Is a Tyrant

Amy Lin Mr. Lieu English 1 H 7 December 2012 The Tyrant of Thebes Henry VIII of England was infamous for executing people who contested his views. He was a ruthless ruler and most of his citizens were compliant to him due to consternation. In Antigone, a play written by Sophocles, the actions of King Creon are closely akin to Henry VII of England. King Creon declares a decree that prohibits the burial of his nephew, Polynices, because Polynices had betrayed the city of Thebes and started a rebellion. Creon is enraged when his niece, Antigone, defies his decree and sentences her to death by entombment.Creon is tyrannical, selfish, and stubborn in the ways that he commits double blasphemy by letting Polynices body decompose unburied and cruelly entombing Antigone alive. As a king, Creon is inarguably tyrannical. When he persecutes Antigone, she boldly points out, â€Å"lucky tyrants—the perquisites of power! Ruthless power to do and say whatever pleases them. † She makes it clear that Creon is abusive of his authoritative powers. In addition, Creon refuses to submit to reason. His son, Haemon, shares the perspectives of Thebe’s citizens with him and reminds him that Thebes is â€Å"no city at all, owned by one man alone. Creon dismisses the wise reminders of his son by bluntly declaring, â€Å"the city is the king’s! That’s the law! † When Haemon attempts to use reason and elaborate on the moral reasons as to why Antigone defied Creon’s decree, Creon refuses to accept them simply because of his hubris. In fact, Creon realizes Antigone’s obligations of honoring her brother, yet he cries, â€Å"I’m not about to prove myself as a liar, no not to my people, I’m going to kill her! † Creon is a ruthless tyrant who does not scruple to destroy anyone who gets in the ways of his tyrannical rule and reputation over Thebes.As a father, Creon is undeniably selfish. He does not consider his son†™s feelings or the possibility that his ruthless actions may affect his son’s life. Creon is well aware of the fact that Haemon is in love with Antigone, and yearns to marry her. Yet, he still sends Antigone to a cave and entombs her to death, which is unquestionably a cruel and painful way for her to die. After Creon sends Antigone to death, he assumes that â€Å"there are other fields for [Haemon] to plow. † His selfishness as a father causes Haemon to hate him and attempt to kill him before committing suicide.Creon ignored the plead of Haemon for the bride he yearned for and firmly stated, â€Å"you will never marry her, not while she’s alive†. In a sense, Creon encouraged his son to kill himself because he told him to give up loving Antigone while she is alive. The death of Haemon was only expected. Haemon grew disgusted by his father’s selfish and narcissistic thinking. As well as being selfish, Creon is also stubborn and refuses to show emp athy in his niece’s endeavors. He fails to consider the well-being of anyone other than himself and his reputation as a ruler.Even when he is presented with reason, Creon does not hesitate to withdraw his cruel decision of sentencing his niece, Antigone, to death. When Antigone attempts to explain her obligations of burying Polynices, Creon refuses to alter his cruel sentencing simply because of Antigone’s gender in society. When the citizens of Thebes discuss that Antigone should not die, Creon firmly states, â€Å"better to fall from power, if fall we must, at the hands of a man—never be rated inferior to a woman. † King Creon does not care about the opinions of his subjects, nor his niece.He only rules to uphold his own opinions that only the opinions of people that conveniently accommodate his pride. Furthermore, he threatens to punish his sentry for bringing unfavorable news to him. Although the sentry did not commit a crime, or act immorally, Creon tells his sentry that he will send him to death. Clearly, Creon does not care about justice, and is content as long as he has someone to blame. King Creon of Thebes is closely akin to the tyrannical King Henry VIII of England in the way of being ruthless tyrants. Both tyrants assigned their subjects to agonizing deaths for holding values differing from their own.Creon was unquestionably immoral to his subjects, son, and his niece. Yet, he was in complete denial of the fact while he still had time to redeem himself. Furthermore, Creon claimed to be religious, yet, he completed double blasphemy by allowing his nephew rot in the city he was once proud of, as well as sending his niece to a slow and excruciating death of entombment. Not only did Creon ruin the reputation that he yearned for, he initiated his own downfall by condemning anyone who he perceived might tarnish his reputation as well as anyone who did not share his views.

Three Big Ideas About Child Development Young People Essay Essays

Three Big Ideas About Child Development Young People Essay Essays Three Big Ideas About Child Development Young People Essay Essay Three Big Ideas About Child Development Young People Essay Essay Understanding kid development means that we as carers and parents can understand accomplishments and typical behavior of kids within our attention, supplying an environment which is fostering and one that will further growing. Laura Berk ( 2000 ) provides a simple definition of kid development ; a field of survey devoted to understanding all facets of human growing and alteration from construct through adolescence. ( Berk: 2000, p4 ) . This paper will look at three of import theories of kid development that you as a instructor or parent should cognize in order to understand the alterations that take topographic point from birth to maturity. When we talk about kid development we refer to three phases called development countries ; Physical development involves the growing and alteration in a individual s organic structure and organic structure maps. In this sphere we look at the physiological and motor development every bit good as the influences of wellness, unwellness and nutrition. Cognitive development refers to the growing and alteration of a individual s ability to treat information, work out jobs and derive cognition. In this country we consider the survey of encephalon development, memory, acquisition, thought, linguistic communication and creativeness. Social-emotional development involves the growing and alteration of our interactions with others and our feelings. Included in this country is the survey of relationships, emotions, personality and moral development. Whilst we discuss each country of development individually it is of import to gain that they do overlap. One sphere can act upon the other. Interest in the field of kid development began early in the 20th-century. ( ref ) Many theories have been put frontward to explicate why and how kids develop. Theorist Jean Piaget played a major influence on the manner we understand kids. He explained kids s development in footings of their cognitive development in a theory known as Piaget s theory of cognitive development. Piaget believed that kids think otherwise from grownups, reasoning that it s non that kids know less than grownups but their thought accomplishments are qualitatively different. ( ref ) Many of his thoughts came from detecting his ain kids. Piaget was convinced that intellect grows through procedures he termed assimilation and adjustment. Assimilation refers to utilizing bing mental forms in new state of affairss. ( ref ) In adjustment, bing thoughts are modified to suit new demands. Therefore, new state of affairss are assimilated to bing thoughts, and new thoughts are created to suit new experiences. In his theory kids mature through a series of distinguishable phases in rational development. Sensorimotor ( 0-2years ) : Piaget believed that an baby is born with no manner of doing sense of the universe. Babies use physiological reactions which act on the universe in specific ways so that the kid bit by bit adapts to the universe. Motor motions are seen as the footing for the eventual development of intelligence. These easy become separated from motor activity as the kid learns to stand for objects, actions and ideas through drama and linguistic communication. Harmonizing to Piaget, object permanency emerges during babyhood. This relates to the apprehension that objects continue to be even though they are out of sight. Preoperational ( 2-7 old ages ) : Piaget describes yearling s thought as unlogical. This is due to two chief features of their thought processes ; egocentricism and centation. Piaget sees immature kids s thought as egoistic ; intending they can merely see things from their point of position. They can non take into history the thoughts or demands of others. Due to their phase of cognitive development their thought is non yet flexible plenty to see more than one facet of a given state of affairs. They are now in a phase of egoistic thought. ( ref ) . Centration is the term Piaget uses to depict immature kids s inclination to concentrate their attending on a individual facet of a state of affairs or object. This is where Piaget s experiment for the preservation of volume. This phase of development besides describes yearlings holding improved memory accomplishments, job work outing accomplishments and get down to understand constructs ; for illustration, words such as big and small , colorss and the ability to declaim Numberss. ( ref ) As kids progress into pre-school, kids practise mental representations by utilizing mental imagination and linguistic communication symbols. ( Ref ) Concreter Operational ( 7-12years ) : The typical school aged kid is come ining this phase of development. Children begin to believe logically nevertheless, they tend to necessitate concrete objects to assist them work out jobs instead than being able to utilize abstract thoughts. ( ref ) . Piaget would depict the school age kid as less egoist. Harmonizing to his theory a kid is now able to see the universe and themselves from other positions. ( ref ) Children at this phase have a longer attending span, a better construct of clip and distance and their ability to retrieve improves. Formal Operational ( 12-15years ) : Child at this phase interrupt away from concrete objects and thought is based more on abstract rules, such as honour or democracy . ( ref ) . Full grownup rational ability is attained during this phase. For Piaget, the development of scientific logical thinking is the pinnacle of development. ( Vialle, Lysaght, and Verenikina: 2008, p55 ) . At this phase older striplings can grok math, natural philosophies and other abstract systems. ( ref ) . Some critics have faulted Piaget s theory on several evidences but largely for its vagueness. Some would state that Piaget s theory has limited our perceptual experience of kids s capabilities- peculiarly in the pre-school old ages. ( ref ) . Others may state there has been excessively much focal point on what kids ca nt make instead than what they can. Harmonizing to Siegler ( 2004 ) kids continuously gain specific cognition ; they do non undergo phase like springs in general mental ability. ( more ) However, Piaget s work has encouraged us to see kids s cognitive accomplishments as being different from those of grownups. His theory is valuable for understanding how kids think. If we understand how kids think and learn we can supply a stimulating environment that will back up their acquisition. Using Piaget s theory of cognitive development, a instructor or parent s function is to supply the stimulation and detect carefully to see when to step in and interact or alteration experiences ( ref ) . ( 125 more ) While Piaget stressed the function of ripening in cognitive development, Lev Vygotsky focused on the impact of socio-cultural factors. His Socio-cultural theory of cognitive development saw that societal interaction and linguistic communication has a major influence on the development of kids s thought. Vygotsky places great importance on the tole of important grownups such as instructors, parents and besides equals. -The zone of proximal development: Like Piaget, Vygotsky believed that kids actively seek to detect new rules. However there is accent that many of a kid s most of import finds are guided by these important grownups. ( ref ) . Vygotsky realises that some undertakings can be beyond a kid s range. The kid is near to holding the mental accomplishments needed to make the undertaking, but it may be somewhat excessively complex to be mastered entirely. The zone of proximal development means kids learn with the counsel and aid of those within their environment. Parents, instructors or other sensitive health professionals will cognize that kids will necessitate aid, steering the kid to back up them in the acquisition procedure. Vygosky argued that kids s thought is extremely influenced by interactions and conversations with other peoples. If we want to understand how kids think and learn, Vygotsky proposes that we need to detect them when they are associating with others. ( ref ) . Vygotsky proposed that linguistic communication plays a critical function in larning. He noted that kindergartners frequently talk to themselves as they complete activities and undertakings. He called this Private address. Harmonizing to Vygotsky, private address enables kids to speak through jobs ( ref ) . Erik Erikson proposed a theory of development that focuses on the emotional and societal facets of development and how these impact on the overall development of the individual from babyhood to old age. ( ref ) . He called it a Psychosocial theory of development concentrating on the societal experiences we have in life that shape our psychological make- up. Erikson was a pupil of Sigmund Freud and believed that the societal interactions an single experiences has a greater influence on development. ( ref ) . Erikson identified eight phases of development over the full homo lifetime, each phase marked by a crisis. If each crisis is resolved in a positive manner so the kid would develop high ego regard and was more likely to react to the following crisis in a positive manner, developing a healthy personality. If the crisis was resolved in a negative manner so it was probably the kid would develop low ego regard and have trouble deciding future crisis. ( ref ) . His theory, peculiarly th e first four phases hold critical considerations for you as a instructor or parent, guaranting that immature kids develop and keep a positive sense of emotional well-being. -Stage one ( 0-1 old ages ) Trust V Misgiving: Harmonizing to Erikson, a critical emotional battle in babyhood is between trust and misgiving. Emotionally healthy babes come to understand they have fostering, antiphonal health professionals who meet their basic demands. They view the universe as safe and enter into swearing relationships with health professionals and subsequently, other persons. However, a grade of misgiving is besides of import to maintain babies safe from injury. But for the most portion, the emotionally healthy babe is swearing of the universe. ( ref ) A critical portion of accomplishing trust from Erikson s position is the ability of babies to come to cognize and develop an emotional tie with health professionals ; besides known as fond regard. Mary Ainsworth described attachment as the affective tie that one individual signifiers to another specific individual, adhering them together in infinite and digesting over clip ( Ainsworth: 1973 ) . Phase two: ( 1-3 old ages ) Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt: Once yearlings have developed a sense of trust with important grownups and understand their basic demands will be met, they are willing to venture off from the safety of parents and health professionals. We see this as endeavoring for control over their environment. ( ref ) . Children express their turning egos control by mounting, touching, researching and seeking to make things for themselves ( Coon A ; Mitterer: 2007 ) . Offering support, accomplishable undertakings and clip, kids are more likely to see success and therefore experience independent and develop feelings of positive self-pride. ( ref ) . However, if we are impatient, supply undertakings that are excessively hard or go unsupportive with their attempts, kids will develop feelings of shame and uncertainty about their abilities, ensuing in low ego regard. Phase three: ( 3-5 old ages ) Initiative vs Guilt: In this psychosocial theory of development, Erikson saw the preschool old ages as a clip when kids develop a sense of enterprise. Preschoolers develop an increasing sense of their ain ability and have a desire to do things go on. Through drama, kids learn to do programs and carry out undertakings. Parents can reenforce inaugural by giving kids freedom to play, inquire inquiries, usage imaginativeness and take their ain activities. ( ref ) . When encouraged, this sense of enterprise will back up the development of high ego regard. However, when kindergartners receive negative feedback, prevent drama or punished for seeking to be after and do things go on they will develop a sense of guilt, therefore developing low ego regard. ( ref. ) -Stage Four ( 6-12 old ages ) Industry vs Inferiority: Middle childhood is the clip to decide the crisis of industry versus lower status, harmonizing to Erikson. Primary school old ages are a kid s entrance into life , where kids begin to larn accomplishments valued by society. His theory provinces that as kids gain positive feedback from developing accomplishments required for their peculiar civilization, they will develop a sense of industry if they win congratulations for productive activities such as edifice, picture, cookery, reading and analyzing. This high ego esteem will actuate kids to dispute new undertakings. However, if kids receive negative feedback and have problem developing accomplishments and a sense of lower status will originate, ensuing in low ego regard and less motive to seek new undertakings. ( 160 more )

Defining And Understanding Ethical Mindfulness Social Work Essays

Defining And Understanding Ethical Mindfulness Social Work Essays Defining And Understanding Ethical Mindfulness Social Work Essay Defining And Understanding Ethical Mindfulness Social Work Essay My apprehension of professionalism is holding the subject to be cognizant of and work to a set of values made up of legal legislative acts, of professional organic structure models and guidelines and of employer policies, models and guidelines, which together item expected behavior. Those legislative acts, policies, models and guidelines should be used to place functions and duties which in bend define boundaries. The British Association of Counselling and Psychotherapy ( BACP ) , of which I am a pupil member, is the largest professional organic structure in the UK for reding and psychotherapeutics and lays down what criterions of behavior counselors, service users and the public expect at a national degree. If a counselor or healer is a member of a professional organic structure, he or she will be bound by a codification of professional moralss model or in the instance of the BACP, the ethical framework†¦it recognises that picks are frequently non distinct, and that sometimes hard determinations need to be made that, even when taken in good religion, may hold unpredictable and unwanted results ( Merry, 2002:11 ) Professionalism and moralss both relate to proper behavior. I view the ethical model as a list of qualities for how the counselor should be and a list of behaviors for what the counselor should do and not make . Examples of the coveted attitudes include possessing empathy, earnestness, unity, resiliency, regard, humbleness, competency, equity, wisdom and bravery. Examples of the coveted behaviors include fidelity, liberty, beneficence, non-maleficence, justness and dignity. The BACP produced the ethical model to protect both the client and counselor through good pattern in reding and psychotherapeutics. It sets out a series of professional and personal values, underlying rules and moral qualities which reflect my properties as a trainee counselor in order to advance a safe and professional environment, one where I could enable clients to let trust to develop within our relationship. I abide by the BACP counsel on good pattern which is concerned with client safety, counselor duty and answerability, clear catching and my competency as a trainee counselor. It provides information for what counselors are expected to make and approve for effects of malpractice. I have chosen a conjectural ethical quandary, albeit a realistic one, relevant to my chosen arrangement at The Truce YMCA in Lancaster. A 16 twelvemonth old female client nowadayss with intelligence of her parents holding separated two hebdomads antecedently. She lives with her Dendranthema grandifloruom who is imbibing inordinate sums of intoxicant and who is non get bying with the twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours responsibilities of looking after the client s nine twelvemonth old brother, who is now largely in the client s attention. No other repasts are being provided other than school dinners and no money is being allocated to them for nutrient. Last dark the client s Dendranthema grandifloruom pushed the client against the wall and the client has a head hurt. The client asks me non to state anyone. The ethical quandary here is that my client has disclosed a Child Protection issue and asked me to keep the confidentiality facet of the contract. There are several deductions, professionally I must transgress confidentiality as there would be no manner that I could keep that information, my unity would be conflicted. I would hold a professional duty that would be impossible for me to disregard. However, by transgressing confidentiality this could hold terrible effects for the client, myself ( our relationship ) , and the client s household. A inquiry I need to inquire myself is: What are our statutory responsibilities and duties? We have a responsibility under the Children Act 1989 to safeguard and protect kids who may be enduring from maltreatment. This may be physical, sexual, emotional or as a consequence of neglect hypertext transfer protocol: //www.tameside.gov.uk/childprotection/parentinfo # t2 day of the month accessed, 21st April 2010 The YMCA has put together a process flow chart and as portion of my preparation I have been made aware of it. It is a clear illustration of my function, duties and boundaries. Safeguarding agencies making everything you can to protect kids and immature people from injury. A precaution is a step to assist cut down the hazard of kids and immature people being harmed. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.nspcc.org.uk/Inform/trainingandconsultancy/consultancy/cst/safe_communities_toolkit_english_wdf70126.pdf day of the month accessed, 19th April 2010 The revelation demands to be sensitively, unfeignedly and respectfully explored in order to honor the rule of non-maleficence because every kid affairs. As a trainee counselor I have an ethical duty to endeavor to extenuate any injury caused to a client even when the injury is ineluctable or unintended ( BACP, 2007:03 ) There are several deductions: I am cognizant that the rule of fidelity requires a duty to honor the trust that has been placed in me as a trainee counselor and that how I move the procedure frontward from this point could change how the client and I may or may non work together in the hereafter. Without confidentiality and empathy there is possible to harm the relationship, and as Bond ( 1993:46 ) provinces that, responsibilities to the client are the first concern of the counselor. The justification of reding remainders on this work being undertaken in a counsellor-client relationship . Where as a trainee counselor can I happen counsel on consent and revelation? I could look into against the BACP guidelines, with my casework supervisor, my managerial supervisor, the bureaus codifications of pattern and policies, my coachs and Social Services. To avoid the possibility of prosecution I need to esteem my function and abide by the BACP counsel on good pattern which is concerned with client safety, counselor duty and answerability, clear catching and my competency as a trainee counselor. Professional answerability is besides cardinal in guaranting public protection and allows the Profession to travel frontward basking the public assurance in the services provided hypertext transfer protocol: //www.bacp.co.uk/prof_conduct/ 4th February 2010 The rule of beneficence involves moving in the client s best involvement and keeping the criterions of competency and cognition expected for members who continue to both personally and professionally develop by utilizing supervising for support. As I am working within an bureau I am expected, as a member of the BACP, to hold ongoing regular supervising for my work with a clinical supervisor and with my managerial supervisor. Supervisors, directors and counselors have a duty to keep and heighten good pattern, to protect clients from hapless pattern ( advancing their well-being ) and for the counselor to get the attitudes, accomplishments and cognition required for each of their functions raising consciousness and guaranting the just intervention of all clients and the singularity of single people sing civilization differences, gender or disablements which involves the rule regard of justness. When sing what action to take the first measure I would take would be to research what the client had told me by clear uping what had been said in order to look into out my understanding with the client. It is of import to place that there is a job and if so I would so work out whose job it was and in this instance it would be the client s. Yet I would be responsible to her, myself and accountable up the concatenation of bid within the administration. By puting the contract provided by The YMCA clearly so that it is understood by the client there is less opportunity of misinterpretations and more opportunity of boundaries being clear at the oncoming. The understanding of a contract protects both the client and the counselor. It proves that each party has agreed their duties and boundaries and that they each know where they stand in the guidance procedure in relation to their duties to each other. I would necessitate to mention back to the initial contract to remind the client about our understanding that would be in topographic point between us. I would hold aptly explained at the clip that should harm to self or others be disclosed to me that I would necessitate to transgress confidentiality. I would utilize appropriate linguistic communication for a 16 twelvemonth old to understand and include her in the procedure. I would esteem the rule of regard for liberty by discoursing the necessity of safeguarding her, protecting her and her younger brother and, with her consent, look intoing whether the kid protection officer would be available to come in the room to work it through all together by understanding my occupation functions and duties and working within my preparation and experience aptly I could present a professional degree of service that promotes safety and both at the same clip being to the full cognizant that she has picks and human rights excessively. Although I could hold a struggle of involvement in that I would hold to transgress confidentiality†¦ Human Rights Act 1998 Article 8.1 Everyone has the right to esteem for his private and household life, his place and his correspondence. Article 8.2 There shall be no intervention by a public authorization with the exercising of this right except every bit such as in conformity with the jurisprudence and is necessary in a democratic society in the involvements of national security, public safety or the economic wellbeing of the state, for the bar of upset or offense, for the protection of wellness or ethical motives, or for the protection of the rights and freedoms of others ( Bond, 2010:158 ) . †¦I would protect myself from judicial proceeding as I have a responsibility to detect the Code of Professional Conduct and the other guidelines issued by the BACP. Not all Torahs are perfect, the job is that Torahs are frequently generalised and unfastened to some reading and that s where they can be exploited. The jurisprudence sing 16 twelvemonth olds ( child versus Gillick competent versus grownup ) and the duty of Social Services to look after person until 18 old ages of age is non black and white. Person planning to travel to the Dignitas clinic in Switzerland to stop their life is within their ain rights and it would be an illustration of a instance where a counselor could esteem the client s self-respect. At the first available opportunity I had I would follow the illustration of a kid protection signifier, from my safeguarding policy and guidelines provided by the administration and do really clear, accurate, brief, factual notes of who said what, when it was said, where it was said and the nature of the concern. I would bear in head that the notes could be read by the client herself and if I was required to compose a study for tribunal I would be cognizant that I have non been trained to compose such a study and seek advice. Harmonizing to Pollecoff, et Al. ( 2002:58 ) Counsellors and clinical psychologists are in a alone place when asked to give evidence†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦unlike other professionals, they do non needfully maintain elaborate notes of each session held with a client†¦Problems can originate sing client confidentiality in the context of showing studies or giving grounds . I would register the notes confidentially and each client has a codification to be used for namelessness intents, shop for six months, one time the instance is closed, so they are destroyed. Chemical bond ( 2010:158 ) suggests The Data Protection Act 1998†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦covers a broad scope of demands to make with record-keeping . I would name my instance supervisor and I would explicate what has happened, what I did ( discussed with line director and or referral to Child Protection Officer etc. ) and inquire him if there is anything else I should hold done or could make. Working within a multi bureau can be utile as it can run into the demands of immature people more efficaciously. Confidentiality processs are in topographic point and consent must be given by the individual concerned and must be present when consented information is shared. There are exceeding fortunes. At the same clip how I present myself and interact with people ( linguistic communication, visual aspect, actions and interactions ) influence feelings. There are informal outlooks and go oning with both professional and personal development ( supervising ) . Questions like What does the BACP say about this? are what I need to inquire myself in during my rating in order to make the right thing and cognizing how of import it is to non make the wrong thing because that could do harm to more than the client in the room. I hope that I have demonstrated that I understand that there is a demand to move within the jurisprudence at all times but in a manner that provides every bit much support and protection as possible towards the client foremost and first, towards myself and towards the organizational construction and the profession itself. It is non ever a instance of cognizing what to make to as an expert, but it seems to be a instance of cognizing what to make following and who to travel to in order to acquire the replies needed.

Miami Beach Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Miami Beach - Essay Example Miami Beach is one of my favorite cities; I have spent many vacations there since my childhood and have developed memorable moments and sites. This paper â€Å"Miami Beach† is based on author’s last visit to the city. The author offers a narrative essay about the place.Even though I had made many previous visits to the city, they had been self centered and purely recreational. We would spend time together as a family, visit a few places and friends in the city before travelling back home. I however made my last visit with a peer and the visit’s core objective was to explore the city for knowledge development. We therefore hired a guide to lead us and respond to our possible questions, an initiative from which we learnt of the city’s history that developed from a farm to a real estate city. Planners in the nineteenth century designated the region for coconut plantation but housing developers changed the idea, decades later, to the current city’s scop e. The generally hot weather, a characteristic of the city’s climate, was enjoyable, a climate that promotes recreational activities at the beach. Even though the city experiences occasional durations of cold weather, it is generally hot and is either dry or humid, depending on its seasons. Further, we interacted with local residents but embraced a challenge in communication because they predominantly communicate in Spanish.My last trip to Miami Beach was therefore more informative as I learnt about the city, its geography, its history, and I directly interacted with its people.

Inclusion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Inclusion - Essay Example Thus disabled children are intended to be included into the normal group of students in a school, as a part of this concept, supported with the special assistance that they might need (Hall, 2010, pp.11-12). The present study focuses an understanding of the concept of inclusion, the services benefitting disabled students, and the advantages and disadvantages thereof. Services Benefitting Disabled Students: There are certain services that have been found to help the disabled students in schools. Here three of such services shall be discussed that include: Inclusive Service Models, Collaborative teaming or planning, and Family Involvement. Inclusive Service Models: There are several models for inclusion in teaching intended to serve the disabled students. The consultant model involves consultation of a special educator with a general instructor for lessons in areas related to â€Å"curriculum adaptation, instructional accommodations, remediation for struggling students, and assessment accommodations and/or modifications† (Holdheide & Reschly, 2008, p.6). The coaching model reflects on all-purpose and particular educators teaching and coaching students in turns in the subjects of curriculum and instruction. These are the subjects where these educators tend to be more expert and have greater amount of knowledge. A third model of this service is the collaborative teaming model in which the â€Å"special and general educator share equal responsibility for the lesson design, implementation, and assessment of instruction† (Holdheide & Reschly, 2008, p.6). Collaborative Teaming or Planning: Unlike the early times, in the present times, the educators have realized the need for working in teams in order to share their knowledge in an effective manner to their students. Thus, collaborative practices are welcome more in the recent times, even in the inclusive teaching programs. However, such planning has been found to create complexities as well since general educators may not be comfortable with the practices. However this service has been demanded by the bodies of literature and collaborative teaching has been incorporated as the most preferred system of teaching for disabled students as well. When collaborative teaching is applied on inclusive teaching, then disabled students along with normal students are provided with equal lessons and hence the disabled students do not get ignored. â€Å"Graduates of teacher education programs that practice what they preach and provide general and special education teacher candidates opportunities to see and experience collaboration in practice are better equipped to engage in collaborative teaching models† (Holdheide & Reschly, 2008, pp.7-8). Family Involvement: This is one of the most important components of the services to disabled students. It has been observed that when students and their families are supportive in nature and well informed then they tend to become powerful advocates for the inclusive form of teaching for disabled students in classes. This service requires that the parents are well involved in the process and are capable of anticipating the students well otherwise the efforts may be at loss. â€Å"Sharing consistent and frequent information on the purposes and benefits of inclusion and involving the students and families during the development and implementation of inclusion plans facilitates buy-in and secures support†